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Iontogel 3

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1. Energy density

Ionogels are composed of a 3D polymer network containing Ionic fluids. They are extremely electrochemical, chemical, and thermal stability. They are not flammable and have low vapor pressure and have a large potential window. This makes them ideal for supercapacitors. Additionally, the presence of Ionic liquids inside their structure provides them with mechanical strength. Ionogels are suitable for use without the need for encapsulation, and are able to withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as high temperatures.

They are excellent candidates for wearable and portable electronics. They are not compatible with electrodes because of their large ion sizes as well as their high viscosity. This results in slow diffusion of ions, and a gradual decrease in capacitance. Researchers incorporated ionogels in solid-state capacitances (SC) in order to achieve high energy density and a long-lasting performance. The Iontogel-based SCs resulting from this were found to have superior performance, surpassing previously published IL and gel-based IL-SCs.

In order to make the iontogel based SCs, 0.6 g copolymer (P(VDF-HFP), was mixed with 1.8 g hydrophobic EMIMBF4 ionic fluid (IL). The solution was then cast onto a Ni film and sandwiched between the MCNN/CNT and the CCNN/CNT films as negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The electrolyte of ionogel was evaporated using an Ar-filled glovebox to create a symmetric FISC, with a an operating range of 3.0 V.

The FISCs made of iontogel showed good endurance with a capacity retention of up 88 percent after 1000 cycles under straight and bending conditions. In addition, they displayed excellent stability, sustaining the same potential window even under bending. These results suggest that iontogels are an effective and durable alternative to traditional electrolytes that are based on ionic liquids. They may also pave the path for future development of flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, these FISCs made of iontogel can be easily modified to suit various applications. They can be shaped to conform to the dimensions of the device and they are capable of charging and discharging under different bending angles. This makes them a perfect choice for applications where the dimensions of the device are limited and the bending angle is not fixed.

2. Ionic conductivity

The ionic conductivity of ionogels can be significantly affected by the structure of the polymer network. A polymer with high crystallinity and a high Tg has an increased conductivity ion than one with a lower Tg or crystallinity. Iontogels that have a high ionic conducting are therefore essential for applications that require electrochemical performance. Recently we have created self-healable ionogel which has excellent mechanical properties and high conductivity to ions. This new ionogel is prepared by locking ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM TFSI), into poly(aminopropyl-methylsiloxane) grafted with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC), in the presence of tannic acid (TA). The result is a completely physical dual crosslinked system made up of ionic aggregates between METAC and TA and hydrogen bonds between METAC and PAPMS and hydrophobic networks between TA, PAPMS, and iontogel 3.

The ionogel is a chemically crosslinked material that has excellent mechanical properties that include high elastic strain-to-break and high strain recovery. It also has good thermal stability and an ionic conductivity that can reach up to 1.19mS cm-1 when 25 degC. Additionally, the ionogel can completely heal in 12 h at room temperature, with a recovery of up to 83 percent. This is due to the formation of a physical double crosslinked network between METAC and TA as well as hydrogen bonding between iontogel 3 and TA.

We have also been able modify the mechanical properties by using different ratios between trithiols and dithiols. For example by increasing the amount of dithiol monomers, you can reduce the network crosslinking density of the Ionogels. We also found that changing the thiol-acrylate stoichiometry significantly affected the ionogels' kinetics of polymerization.

Moreover, the ionogels have been discovered to have good dynamic viscoelasticity, with a storage modulus of up to 105 Pa. The Arrhenius plots for the ionic fluid BMIMBF4 as well as ionogels containing varying amounts of hyperbranched polymer exhibit typical rubber-like behaviour. In the temperature range that was studied the storage modulus is not affected by frequency. The ionic conductivity is also independent from frequency, which is crucial for applications as solid state electrolytes.

3. Flexibility

Ionogels made of polymer substrates and ionic liquids possess excellent electrical properties and high stability. They are promising materials that can be used in iontronic devices such as triboelectric-based microgenerators, thermoelectric ionic materials, and strain sensors. Their flexibility is a major problem. To tackle this issue, we developed an ionogel that is flexible and has self-healing capabilities and ionic conductivity by using the reversibility of weak and strong interactions. This ionogel is extremely resistant to both shear and stretching forces, and can be stretched up to 10 times its original size without losing its ionic conductivity.

The ionogel consists of a monomer, acrylamide, with a carboxyl-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone chain (PVDF). It is well-soluble in ethanol, water and Acetone. It has high modulus of 1.6MPa and a break length of 9.1 percent. Solution casting is a simple method of coating the ionogel on non-conductive surfaces. It is also a viable candidate for an ionogel-based supercapacitor since it has a specific capacity of 62 F g-1 at current density of 1 A g-1 and outstanding cyclic stability.

The paper fan, which is an example of a flexible force sensor, has shown that the ionogel is also able to produce electromechanical signals at an extremely high frequency and magnitude. 5C). The ionogel-coated paper can produce consistent and reproducible electromechanical responses when it is folded over and over and shut, similar to an accordion.

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4. Healability

The unique properties of Iontogel 3 make it a desirable material for a variety of applications. This includes information security, soft/wearable electronic devices, and energy harvesters which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy (e.g.). Ionogels are self-healing and transparent when crosslinking's reversible reaction is controlled in a controlled manner.

To prepare ionogels, a block copolymer of poly(styrene)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-r-acrylic acid) (P(St)-b-P(DMAAm-r-AAc)) is cast into an ionic liquid (IL) and crosslinked using the thermoresponsive Diels-Alder reaction. The resulting ionogels have high tensile strength, ionic conductivity and resilience, while also having a large range of thermal stability.

For a more advanced application, the ionogels were doped with carbon quantum dots through dynamic covalent cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde and chemical cross-linking of acrylamide in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl). Additionally, ionogels can be made to form a stretchable and flexible membrane by incorporating ionic-dipole interactions between DMAAm-r AAc blocks. The ionogels also showed excellent transparency and self-healing properties when stretched cyclically.

As shown in Figure 8b, an alternative approach to endow materials self-healing abilities is to utilize photo-responsive chromophores that form dimers when exposed to light via [2-2or [4-4] cycle addition reactions. This technique allows the fabrication of Ion block copolymer gels reversible that self heal by heating the dimers to their original state.

Reversible bonds also remove the need for costly crosslinking agent and allow for easy modification of the material properties. The ability to control the reversible crosslinking reaction makes ionogels flexible and suitable for industrial and consumer applications. They are also designed to perform differently at different temperatures. This is done by altering the concentrations of the ionic fluid and synthesis conditions. Self-healing ionogels can be utilized in space as they can keep their shape and ionic conductivity properties even at low vapor pressures. Nevertheless, further research is needed to develop self-healing ionogels having greater strength and endurance. For instance the ionogels could require reinforcement with more robust materials, such as carbon fibers or cellulose, to protect them from environmental stressors.